Miłosz Manasterski

The Asymmetry of Memory: Why Centuries of Shared History Aren’t Building Polish-Armenian Soft Power

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By Miłosz Manasterski

Whenever I land at Zvartnots Airport on a flight from Warsaw, I feel an extraordinary surge of energy despite the exhaustion of a red-eye flight. There is something genuinely warm in the demeanor of the ground staff and border guards in Yerevan that makes me feel instantly welcome. I have often wondered whether this is due to my burgundy Polish passport or simply the legendary Armenian hospitality. Would I experience the same warmth if I arrived as a German, an Italian, or a Spaniard? I will never know.

I do know, however, what I feel as a Pole.

If you grow up along the Vistula, you encounter Armenian heritage almost by default. To many Poles, Armenians are not an exotic people living far away in the Caucasus, near the Iranian border. They are one of the historic communities that helped shape Poland’s cultural and political landscape.

For centuries, Polish Armenians contributed to trade, diplomacy, religion, science, and the arts. Their presence became part of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and of modern Poland. Their legacy lives on in figures whose achievements became part of Poland’s national heritage: Józef Teodorowicz, the Armenian Catholic Archbishop of Lviv and an important religious and political figure of the Second Polish Republic; Teodor Axentowicz, one of Poland’s leading painters of the Young Poland movement and rector of the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków; Zbigniew Herbert, one of Poland’s greatest poets, whose family tradition traced Armenian ancestry; and Ignacy Łukasiewicz, the pioneer of the modern oil industry, whose family origins were connected to the Armenian community.

For many Poles, these names are not reminders of a distant minority community. They are simply part of the national story. Today, Armenians in Poland are often our colleagues, neighbors, entrepreneurs, and friends. Their presence is not a foreign addition to Polish history, but one of the threads that have shaped it.

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Yet here lies a striking paradox.

This deep historical perspective often collides with a different reality when I arrive in Yerevan. During a conversation at Jezve café, a few steps from Republic Square, I asked a young Armenian analyst what he associated Poland with. After a moment of thought, he replied: “With the Schengen visa process and support within the European Union.”

When I mentioned centuries of Armenian presence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, or even the fact that the Warsaw Stock Exchange is the majority shareholder of the Armenia Securities Exchange, he shrugged. For him, Poland was primarily an EU member state rather than a country connected to Armenia through centuries of shared history.

This asymmetry of memory is not the fault of one side alone.

Poland has also failed to transform its historical ties with Armenia into modern political and cultural influence. We have allowed a relationship with deep roots to become defined mainly by present-day instruments: European Union mechanisms, economic cooperation, development programs, and diplomatic contacts.

When I spoke with the President of Armenia, Vahagn Khachaturyan, in 2023, I asked him whether he had ever visited Warsaw, privately or as head of state. He smiled and said that he had not — not yet. Looking today at the calendar of presidential visits, I see with regret that little has changed. Then-President Andrzej Duda visited Yerevan in November 2024, but a reciprocal official visit at the highest level in Warsaw has yet to take place.

The problem is not a lack of goodwill. The problem is a lack of imagination.

Armenia possesses a remarkable but underused resource: the memory of its historical communities abroad. The Armenian story has never been limited to the territory of the modern Republic of Armenia. Armenians helped shape cities, institutions, economies, and cultures across Europe and the Middle East. Recognizing this legacy is not merely an exercise in nostalgia. It is a form of strategic thinking.

France has understood this logic exceptionally well. Through its Armenian diaspora, cultural diplomacy, and political engagement, it has built a strong symbolic presence in Armenia. Central Europe, by contrast, has never fully used its historical Armenian connections as a source of influence.

This is a missed opportunity for both sides.

For Warsaw, relying only on EU bureaucracy in the Caucasus means overlooking a unique historical advantage. Poland can offer Armenia not only the perspective of another EU member state, but also the experience of a society that went through partition, occupation, political transformation, and institutional rebuilding.

For Armenian political elites and civil society, Poland should not be viewed merely through the neutral language of European administration: visas, grants, and monitoring missions. Poland is also a country where Armenian heritage has survived as part of the national memory.

Geopolitics determines alliances in the short term. Memory sustains relationships over generations.

The most valuable element of Polish-Armenian relations may therefore not be something that has to be built. It already exists. The challenge is that one side remembers it more clearly than the other.

Bridging this asymmetry is not a sentimental journey into the past. It is an investment in a shared European future.

(Miłosz Manasterski is a Polish journalist and commentator writing on Central Europe, demography, and the political economy of European societies. He is the CEO of Agencja Informacyjna, an independent Polish news agency, and a regular political commentator for leading Polish media outlets. A former Middle East correspondent based in the United Arab Emirates, his work examines how institutions and historical memory shape the long-term future of Europe and its neighbors. He is a recipient of the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta and was awarded a medal under the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) framework for his work on social policy. You can read his work on Substack (miloszmanasterski.substack.com) and connect with him on LinkedIn (/in/miloszmanasterski).

 

 

 

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